Brits, R.; Engelbrecht, A. P.; Van Den Bergh, F. Locating multiple optima using particle swarm optimization. (English) Zbl 1122.65358 Appl. Math. Comput. 189, No. 2, 1859-1883 (2007). Summary: Many scientific and engineering applications require optimization methods to find more than one solution to multi-modal optimization problems. This paper presents a new particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique to locate and refine multiple solutions to such problems. The technique, NichePSO, extends the inherent unimodal nature of the standard PSO approach by growing multiple swarms from an initial particle population. Each subswarm represents a different solution or niche; optimized individually. The outcome of the NichePSO algorithm is a set of particle swarms, each representing a unique solution. Experimental results are provided to show that NichePSO can successfully locate all optima on a small set of test functions. These results are compared with another PSO niching algorithm, lbest PSO, and two genetic algorithm niching approaches. The influence of control parameters is investigated, including the relationship between the swarm size and the number of solutions (niches). An initial scalability study is also done. Cited in 18 Documents MSC: 65K05 Numerical mathematical programming methods 90C15 Stochastic programming 90C29 Multi-objective and goal programming Keywords:particle swarm optimization; niching; speciation; numerical examples; multi-modal optimization; genetic algorithm Software:MOPSO PDFBibTeX XMLCite \textit{R. Brits} et al., Appl. Math. Comput. 189, No. 2, 1859--1883 (2007; Zbl 1122.65358) Full Text: DOI References: [1] Bäck, T.; Foge, D. B.; Michalewicz, A., Handbook of Evolutionary Computation (1997), IOP Publishers and Oxford University Press [2] Beasley, D.; Bull, D. R.; Martin, R. 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