Deb, Kalyanmoy An efficient constraint handling method for genetic algorithms. (English) Zbl 1028.90533 Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 186, No. 2-4, 311-338 (2000). Summary: Many real-world search and optimization problems involve inequality and/or equality constraints and are thus posed as constrained optimization problems. In trying to solve constrained optimization problems using Genetic Algorithms (GAs) or classical optimization methods, penalty function methods have been the most popular approach, because of their simplicity and ease of implementation. However, since the penalty function approach is generic and applicable to any type of constraint (linear or nonlinear), their performance is not always satisfactory. Thus, researchers have developed sophisticated penalty functions specific to the problem at hand and the search algorithm used for optimization. However, the most difficult aspect of the penalty function approach is to find appropriate penalty parameters needed to guide the search towards the constrained optimum. In this paper, GA’s population-based approach and ability to make pair-wise comparison in tournament selection operator are exploited to devise a penalty function approach that does not require any penalty parameter. Careful comparisons among feasible and infeasible solutions are made so as to provide a search direction towards the feasible region. Once sufficient feasible solutions are found, a niching method (along with a controlled mutation operator) is used to maintain diversity among feasible solutions. This allows a real-parameter GA’s crossover operator to continuously find better feasible solutions, gradually leading the search near the true optimum solution. GAs with this constraint handling approach have been tested on nine problems commonly used in the literature, including an engineering design problem. In all cases, the proposed approach has been able to repeatedly find solutions closer to the true optimum solution than that reported earlier. Cited in 221 Documents MSC: 90C30 Nonlinear programming 90C59 Approximation methods and heuristics in mathematical programming Keywords:constrainted optimization; penalty approach; niching; inequality constraings; equality constraints; real-parameter GAs; evolution strategy; simulated binary crossover; engineering design PDFBibTeX XMLCite \textit{K. Deb}, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 186, No. 2--4, 311--338 (2000; Zbl 1028.90533) Full Text: DOI References: [1] Deb, K., Optimization for Engineering Design: Algorithms and Examples (1995), Prentice-Hall: Prentice-Hall New Delhi [2] Reklaitis, G. V.; Ravindran, A.; Ragsdell, K. M., Engineering Optimization Methods and Applications (1983), Wiley: Wiley New York [3] Homaifar, A.; Lai, S. H.-V.; Qi, X., Constrained optimization via genetic algorithms, Simulation, 62, 4, 242-254 (1994) [4] J.A. 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