Summary: The introduction of statistics and probability into the school curriculum has raised awareness of the expectations on teachers who have to teach it. A review of the related field of mathematics education indicates that teachers need more than content knowledge. They must also respond to their students’ statistical understandings in ways that move students’ current understanding to higher levels. Efforts to measure such statistical pedagogical content knowledge are still in their infancy. Findings from a large-scale Australian study are reported to exemplify these efforts, and the implications for future research are discussed.